Point-and-click programming for deep brain stimulation using real-time monopolar review trendlines

ABSTRACT

A system and method for selecting leadwire stimulation parameters includes a processor iteratively performing, for each of a plurality of values for a particular stimulation parameter, each value corresponding to a respective current field: (a) shifting the current field longitudinally and/or rotationally to a respective plurality of locations about the leadwire; and (b) for each of the respective plurality of locations, obtaining clinical effect information regarding a respective stimulation of the patient tissue produced by the respective current field at the respective location; and displaying a graph plotting the clinical effect information against values for the particular stimulation parameter and locations about the leadwire, and/or based on the obtained clinical effect information, identifying an optimal combination of a selected value for the particular stimulation parameter and selected location about the leadwire at which to perform a stimulation using the selected value.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/284,917, filed Feb. 25, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/991,807 filed May 29, 2018, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,265,532, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/729,383 filed Oct. 10, 2017, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,016,610 on Jul. 10, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/420,842 filed Jan. 31, 2017, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,821,167 on Nov. 21, 2017, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/012,698 filed Feb. 1, 2016, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,561,380 on Feb. 7, 2017, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/011,817 filed Aug. 28, 2013, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,248,296 on Feb. 2, 2016, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 61/693,866 filed on Aug. 28, 2012, 61/699,135 filed on Sep. 10, 2012, 61/699,115 filed on Sep. 10, 2012, and 61/753,232 filed on Jan. 16, 2013, the content of all of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a system and method for providing a user interface in which a representation of stimulation parameters of an electrode leadwire, for example that provides electrical stimulation to an anatomical region, e.g., a leadwire of a Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) device or a Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) device, is provided. The present invention further relates additionally or alternatively to a system and method, using software which provides a visual point-and-click interface that allows a user to optimize a subject's (e.g., patient's) stimulation parameters, without the user having to keep track of the precise settings for each electrode.

BACKGROUND

Stimulation of anatomical regions of a patient is a clinical technique for the treatment of disorders. Such stimulation can include deep brain stimulation (DBS), spinal cord stimulation (SCS), Occipital NS therapy, Trigemenal NS therapy, peripheral field stimulation therapy, sacral root stimulation therapy, or other such therapies. For example, DBS may include stimulation of the thalamus or basal ganglia and may be used to treat disorders such as essential tremor, Parkinson's disease (PD), and other physiological disorders. DBS may also be useful for traumatic brain injury and stroke. Pilot studies have also begun to examine the utility of DBS for treating dystonia, epilepsy, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

However, understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms of action remains elusive. The stimulation parameters, electrode geometries, or electrode locations that are best suited for existing or future uses of DBS also are unclear.

For conducting a therapeutic stimulation, a neurosurgeon can select a target region within the patient anatomy, e.g., within the brain for DBS, an entry point, e.g., on the patient's skull, and a desired trajectory between the entry point and the target region. The entry point and trajectory are typically carefully selected to avoid intersecting or otherwise damaging certain nearby critical structures or vasculature. A stimulation electrode leadwire used to provide the stimulation to the relevant anatomical region is inserted along the trajectory from the entry point toward the target region. The stimulation electrode leadwire typically includes multiple closely-spaced electrically independent stimulation electrode contacts.

The target anatomical region can include tissue that exhibit high electrical conductivity. For a given stimulation parameter setting, a respective subset of the fibers are responsively activated. A stimulation parameter can include a current amplitude or voltage amplitude, which may be the same for all of the electrodes of the leadwire, or which may vary between different electrodes of the leadwire. The applied amplitude setting results in a corresponding current in the surrounding fibers, and therefore a corresponding voltage distribution in the surrounding tissue. The complexity of the inhomogeneous and anisotropic fibers makes it difficult to predict the particular volume of tissue influenced by the applied stimulation.

A treating physician typically would like to tailor the stimulation parameters (such as which one or more of the stimulating electrode contacts to use, the stimulation pulse amplitude, e.g., current or voltage depending on the stimulator being used, the stimulation pulse width, and/or the stimulation frequency) for a particular patient to improve the effectiveness of the therapy. Parameter selections for the stimulation can be achieved via tedious and variable trial-and-error, without visual aids of the electrode location in the tissue medium or computational models of the volume of tissue influenced by the stimulation. Such a method of parameter selection is difficult and time-consuming and, therefore, expensive. Moreover, it may not necessarily result in the best possible therapy.

Systems have been proposed that provide an interface that facilitates parameter selections. See, for example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/454,330, filed May 15, 2009 (“the '330 application”), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/454,312, filed May 15, 2009 (“the '312 application”), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/454,340, filed May 15, 2009 (“the '340 application”), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/454,343, filed May 15, 2009 (“the '343 application”), and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/454,314, filed May 15, 2009 (“the '314 application”), the content of each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Such systems display a graphical representation of an area within which it is estimated that there is tissue activation or volume of activation (VOA) that results from input stimulation parameters. The VOA can be displayed relative to an image or model of a portion of the patient's anatomy. Generation of the VOA may be based on a model of fibers, e.g., axons, and a voltage distribution about the leadwire and on detailed processing thereof. Performing such processing to provide a VOA preview in real-time response to a clinician's input of parameters is not practical because of the significant required processing time. Therefore, conventional systems pre-process various stimulation parameter settings to determine which axons are activated by the respective settings.

Those systems also provide interfaces via which to input selections of the stimulation parameters and notes concerning therapeutic and/or side effects of stimulations associated with graphically represented VOAs.

The leadwire can include cylindrically symmetrical electrodes, which, when operational, produce approximately the same electric values in all positions at a same distance from the electrode in any plain that cuts through the electrode. Alternatively, the leadwire can include directional electrodes that produce different electrical values depending on the direction from the electrode. For example, the leadwire can include multiple separately controllable electrodes arranged cylindrically about the leadwire at each of a plurality of levels of the leadwire.

Each electrode may be set as an anode or cathode in a bipolar configuration or as a cathode, with, for example, the leadwire casing being used as ground, in a monopolar arrangement. When programming a leadwire for tissue stimulation, e.g., DBS, the clinical standard of care is often to perform a monopolar review (MPR) upon activation of the leadwire in order to determine the efficacy and side-effect thresholds for all electrodes on the leadwire, on an electrode by electrode basis. Monopolar review, rather than bipolar review, is performed because monopolar stimulation often requires a lower stimulation intensity than bipolar stimulation to achieve the same clinical benefit. The MPR can inform the selection of a first clinical program (parameters for stimulation) for treating a patient. For example, in a single current source, voltage-controlled DBS device, a time-consuming review is performed involving sequentially measuring efficacy and side-effect thresholds for all electrodes of a leadwire and recording these threshold values. Such a tedious review is described in Volkmann et al., Introduction to the Programming of Deep Brain Stimulators, Movement Disorders Vol. 17, Suppl. 3, pp. S181-S187 (2002) (“Volkmann”). See, for example, FIG. 3 of Volkmann and the corresponding text, which describes gradually increasing amplitude separately for each of a plurality of electrodes, and recording the amplitude at which a minimum threshold of therapeutic efficacy is observed, and the maximum amplitude that does not exceed a permitted adverse side-effect threshold.

SUMMARY

According to example embodiments, a leadwire includes multiple electrodes, for each of which a respective independent current source is provided, by which current can be “steered” longitudinally and/or rotationally about the leadwire for localization of stimulation at points between electrodes (such a point hereinafter referred to as a “virtual electrode”). The electrical variation about a leadwire produced by virtual electrodes creates an added layer of complexity concerning stimulation parameters and their effects. Example embodiments of the present invention provide a visual point-and-click interface that includes a graphical representation of a stimulation parameter for virtual electrodes, via which to input settings therefor, and/or via which to obtain and/or output annotations concerning stimulation parameters thereof. According to example embodiments of the present invention, the interface includes controls for gradual directional steering of current about the leadwire, without the requirement for separately setting individual electrical amplitude settings of the individual electrodes, where the steering occurs between actual and virtual electrodes, the interface further providing for the system to receive input of efficacy and adverse side effect information. According to an example embodiment, the obtained input is recorded in association with the settings for which the input was provided, the system thereby generating longitudinal and/or rotational maps of efficacy and side effect information arranged about the leadwire according to the actual and/or virtual electrode positions with which the efficacy and side effect information are associated.

Thus, according to an example embodiment of the present invention, the system performs an iterative process, where each iteration corresponds to a single selected stimulation parameter value, e.g., amplitude, to which value a respective electric field corresponds. For each iteration, the electric field is shifted to various actual and/or virtual electrode locations about the leadwire, and for each of a plurality of the locations to which the respective field of the iteration has been shifted, clinical information regarding therapeutic effect and/or adverse side effect for a stimulation produced by the electric field is recorded. After completion of an iteration, the value of the parameter is changed for a new iteration, in which the shifting and information recording is repeated for the new value. The information obtained during a plurality of the iterations is then usable for construction of a graph on which basis optimal settings are selectable. Such settings include, in an example embodiment, a combination of respective values of the parameter for a selected subset of electrodes of the leadwire.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views. The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the present document.

FIG. 1 shows graphs providing stimulation amplitude information for cylindrically symmetrical electrodes, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows an example leadwire model that is displayable by a system in a user interface, and further shows relative thereto a coordinate system for indicating amplitude information for directional electrodes, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows amplitude information graphs for directional electrodes in a three-dimensional perspective, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4A shows a slider control for rotating a leadwire model, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4B shows left and right buttons for rotating a leadwire model, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4C shows a draggable interface component for rotating a leadwire model, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4D shows a user interface control including a ray that is user-draggable rotationally about a point of origin corresponding to a leadwire and inward and outward with respect to the point of origin, for user modification of electrical parameters, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates user interface components, by user interaction with which a system is configured to receive input of stimulation parameters, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates user interface components, by user interaction with which a system is configured to receive input of annotations regarding stimulation settings, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates user interface components for outputting variations in effect for variations in amplitude in a particular direction, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates a user interface display of information concerning suitable stimulation amplitude parameters for directional electrodes using graphs in a three-dimensional perspective, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 9A and 9B show user interface displays of the graphs of FIG. 8 in a two-dimensional perspective, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 10A and 10B show graphs providing stimulation amplitude information for cylindrically symmetrical electrodes, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 shows an example leadwire model that is programmed by a system via a user interface, and further shows relative thereto, location and current level information for stimulation at a specified amplitude, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows an example graphical user interface display of output indicating amplitude information for stimulation using a cylindrically symmetric leadwire. With respect to a cylindrically symmetric leadwire, in an example embodiment, a graph is output in which stimulation amplitude values are plotted, for both a therapy onset curve 101 and side effect onset curve 102, against electrode location, where the electrode locations refer to longitudinal positions of the leadwire. For example, discrete positions along the abscissa can correspond to respective electrodes of the leadwire in their order of arrangement along the leadwire.

Alternatively, different combinations of amplitudes of the electrodes can be set, where each combination can be characterized as having an amplitude setting at a respective longitudinal position of the leadwire, producing a cylindrically symmetric stimulation about the leadwire at that respective longitudinal leadwire position. Positions along the abscissa can represent discrete locations from a first position of the leadwire towards another position of the leadwire, where some of the locations can be those of respective ones of the cylindrically symmetrical electrodes, and others can be other locations corresponding to the combination of stimulation settings of a plurality of the electrodes.

The therapy onset curve 101 indicates amplitude thresholds at which a therapeutic result is expected, depending on the electrode or longitudinal leadwire position at which the respective stimulation amplitude is set. The side effect onset curve 102 indicates a maximum stimulation amplitude at respective electrode or longitudinal leadwire positions, above which the stimulation is expected to cause an adverse side effect. Information on which the curves 101 and 102 are based can include empirically obtained data and/or model-based data. The graphs 101 and 102 can be specific to an indicated desired therapy and/or to an indicated adverse side effect. For example, the graphical user interface, e.g., in a target settings section, can include an input field for inputting a desired therapeutic effect and/or side effect to be avoided, and output a graph such that shown in FIG. 1 as information on which the user, e.g., a clinician, can determine settings to set in the system for producing a stimulation.

Such graphs can be useful for a clinician to eyeball a target range of possible target settings for one or more of the electrodes. For example, the clinician likely would choose to try an amplitude settings that falls at about the center of the shaded area 105 between the curves 101 and 102 since it is that region that is expected to produce a therapeutic effect and to avoid production of an adverse side effect.

However, such a representation does not reflect variations in amplitude at different directions cylindrically about the leadwire using directional electrodes. According to an example embodiment of the present invention, the system and method outputs stimulation amplitude information in a coordinate system in which each plotted data point is identified by a longitudinal position ‘z’, angle of rotation ‘θ’, and radius from center ‘r’, where the longitudinal position is the longitudinal position along the central axis of the leadwire, e.g., a distance from one of the ends, the angle of rotation is an angle between a selected direction extending outward from the leadwire, perpendicularly to the central axis thereof, and the direction in which stimulation is characterized as being produced by an electrode (or combination of electrodes), and radius is a distance from the leadwire along the direction in which the stimulation is characterized as being produced. The radius coordinate corresponds to the stimulation amplitude value, whereas the longitudinal position and angle of rotation information indicates the location of that stimulation. In an example embodiment of the present invention, a computer system provides a graphical user interface in which amplitude settings for a directional electrode leadwire are plotted in curves at planes that are perpendicular to the central axis of the leadwire according to the described coordinate system including longitudinal, angular, and radii values.

FIG. 2 shows an example leadwire that includes a plurality of directional electrodes. In FIG. 2 , the example leadwire 200 includes, at a first longitudinal level of the leadwire, three directional electrodes 201, 202, and 203, at a second longitudinal level of the leadwire, three directional electrodes 206, 207, and 208, and, at a third longitudinal level, a cylindrically symmetrical electrode 211 that is configured for generating a stimulation at approximately equal levels about the leadwire 200. While the directional electrodes are shown to be provided in groups about the leadwire, in an example embodiment, the leadwire 200 includes a circumferential directional electrode that continuously extends around the leadwire, but is controllable for generating stimulations at different levels in different directions from the leadwire.

FIG. 2 further shows a coordinate system in which amplitude values can be plotted using the ‘z’, ‘θ’, and ‘r’ coordinates. The coordinate system is shown relative to the illustrated leadwire 200, thereby showing the meaning of the coordinate values, which represent positional and amplitude information relative to the leadwire 200. Although the leadwire 211 is not a directional leadwire, the same coordinate system can be used for the cylindrically symmetrical leadwire too.

FIG. 3 shows an example user interface display of graphed amplitude settings values using the described coordinate system for a directional leadwire. For example, a graph 302 and/or 304 is drawn with a perspective of being in a two dimensional plane perpendicular to the leadwire 200. Each of the illustrated graphs includes a shape formed by plotted values, for example, representing therapeutic threshold minimum values, i.e., values estimated as the minimum required amplitude for stimulation, where the estimated threshold minimum values vary depending on direction from the leadwire 200 at the longitudinal position of the leadwire 200 at which the plane is drawn. The graphs can alternatively represent maximum amplitude values above which a side effect is estimated to occur. As described below, graphs showing a combination of this information can also be provided.

Stimulation using a combination of electrodes at an one longitudinal level can produce stimulation values characterized by a stimulation at a direction which can be between the electrodes. Similarly, stimulation using a combination of electrodes at a plurality of longitudinal levels can produce stimulation values characterized by a stimulation at a level between electrodes above and below. Therefore, the displayed graphs need not be a longitudinal positions at which there are electrodes (although an alternative example embodiment can be provided in which the graphs are displayed only at longitudinal positions at which at least one electrode is located). In an example embodiment, using graphs plotting stimulations values characterized as occurring between electrodes by combinations of stimulations of those electrodes, the system plots a plurality of two dimensional graphs of stimulation values in a plurality of continuous layers to form a three dimensional graph volume.

In an example embodiment of the present invention, the system displays a model of the leadwire 200, e.g., as shown in FIG. 2 and further displays one or more graphs as shown in FIG. 3 . The graphs can be displayed in a separate display area as that in which the model of the leadwire 200 is displayed, or can be displayed overlaid on the model of the leadwire 200. In an example embodiment of the present invention, the system and method of the present invention provides a graphical user interface including view rotation controls, by which a user can rotate the displayed model of the leadwire 200 and the displayed graphs.

For example, FIG. 4A shows a slide bar 400, with the center set at 0°, the right end at +180°, and the left end at −180°. A particular longitudinal line at a predetermined point along the circumference of the leadwire is selected as corresponding to 0°. The user can shift a slider control 402 along the slider bar 400, in response to which the system correspondingly rotates the model of the leadwire 200 (and the associated graphs). For example, in an example embodiment, the system shifts the model of the leadwire 200 so that that the selected angular portion of the leadwire 200 is positioned parallel with the surface of the screen in which the user interface is displayed.

Alternatively (or additionally), as shown in FIG. 4B, a right button 405 and a left button 406 can be displayed, which buttons are selectable using an input device, e.g., via point and click, touch, or any other suitably appropriate selection device/method, in response to which selection the model of the leadwire 200 is rotated towards the right or towards the left by a predetermined number of degrees per selection. In an example embodiment, the system displays an indication of the number of degrees the model of the leadwire 200 has been rotated, for example, as shown in FIG. 4B, between the selectable right and left buttons 405/406.

Alternatively (or additionally), as shown in FIG. 4C, the model of the leadwire 200 or a separate leadwire rotation control 410 that is selectable by the user and draggable to the right or to the left is displayed, where, in response to the dragging of the leadwire model 200 or the separate rotation control 410, the system correspondingly rotates the model of the leadwire 200 and the graphs. In an example embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4C, the system displays an indication of the number of degrees the model of the leadwire 200 has been rotated, for example, as shown in FIG. 4C, in a top cross-section of the leadwire representation of the leadwire rotation control 410.

In an example embodiment of the present invention, representations of respective electrodes in the model of the leadwire 200 or in the leadwire rotation control 410 are selectable, in response to which input, the system is configured to obtain user input of one or more settings to be set for the selected electrode. In an example embodiment, the system is configured to display one or more data fields in which to input parameter values for the selected electrode. In an example embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4D, the system is configured to display a ray 415 extending from the selected electrode, which ray 415 the user can select and drag in a direction away from the representation of the leadwire 200 or towards the representation of the leadwire 200, where the system interprets dragging in the direction away from the representation of the leadwire 200 as an input to increase the amplitude setting, and the system interprets dragging back toward the representation of the leadwire 200 as an input to decrease the amplitude. The input can be by a clinician and, in an example embodiment, the system is configured to receive an instruction in response to which the system is configured to apply the modified setting to an implanted pulse generator that causes the leadwire 200 to produce the stimulation. Alternatively or additionally, the user-modification of the settings is for input of stimulation programs for which the system outputs information, e.g., a VOA, and/or other information, based on which the user can select a program to apply to the implanted pulse generator.

In an example embodiment of the present invention, the user interface display including the model of the leadwire 200 further includes a ray, like described ray 415, that extends from the model of the leadwire 200, and the ray is selectable and draggable towards the right and towards the left to modify a directionality of a stimulation, and inwards and outwards with respect to the model of the leadwire 200 to modify an amplitude of the stimulation in the selected direction.

FIG. 5 shows a part of a graphical user interface, according to an example embodiment, that can be displayed in a display device and that includes controls selectable by a user for input of stimulation settings, including a directionality, amplitude, and longitudinal locations relative to the leadwire, for a stimulation. The user interface includes a rotate left button 500, for modifying by the system of the directionality of a stimulation by clockwise rotation about the leadwire by a predetermined incremental amount, responsive to each selection thereof. The user interface further includes a rotate right button 502, for modifying by the system of the directionality of the stimulation by counter-clockwise rotation about the leadwire by a predetermined incremental amount, responsive to each selection thereof. The user interface further includes one or more slider bars by which to modify the amplitude of the stimulation. For example, as shown in FIG. 5 , in an example embodiment the user interface includes a coarse slider bar 510 in response to sliding of the slider control of which, the system modifies the amplitude by a first predetermined amount, e.g., a single digit whole number, for each change in position of the slider control; and also includes a fine slider bar 512 in response to sliding of the slider control of which, the system modifies the amplitude by a second predetermined amount smaller than the first predetermined amount, for fine increments between the selected coarse value set by the position of the coarse slider bar 510 and the next higher coarse value corresponding to the position of the coarse slider bar 510 that follows the current position thereof. For example, the coarse slider bar 510 can be set to be shifted between positions 0 and 12, a single whole number at a time, and the fine slider bar 512 can be set to be shifted between positions 0.0 and 0.9, a tenth at a time, so that for whichever value is set by the coarse slider bar 510, the value is further settable to an additional fractional amount.

The user interface further includes an up button 504 and a down button 506, for selection by the user of the longitudinal location along the leadwire at which the stimulation is to occur.

In an example embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5 , the user interface further includes a, e.g., two dimensional, settings map 515 that shows present values of the settings with respect to directionality and amplitude of the stimulation. The settings map 515 includes a respective representations 516 a-516 c of each electrode at a particular longitudinal level. The settings map 515 includes a bar 518 angularly positioned according to the directionality of the stimulations according to the present settings, and whose length corresponds to the presently set amplitude of the stimulation. As the user provides input, e.g., via controls 500, 502, 510, and 512, to modify the directionality and/or amplitude, the bar 518 is rotated and/or shortened or lengthened. In an example embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5 , the present angle and amplitude are displayed in the settings map 515.

In an example embodiment of the present invention, the user interface shown in FIG. 5 , described above, instead of providing for longitudinally steering the electrical, e.g., current, using the up and down buttons 504 and 506, the system provides for receiving respective input for each longitudinal level of electrodes, each respective input indicating a respective direction and amplitude, e.g., by use of the controls 500, 502, 510, and/or 512, and/or other input controls, e.g., as described herein. For example, for the leadwire 200 as shown in FIG. 2 , which includes electrodes 201-203 at a first level, electrodes 206-208 at a second level, and electrode 211 at a third level, the system outputs three user interface sections, e.g., like that shown in FIG. 5 , for separately inputting the directional and amplitude settings of the stimulation.

According to a variant of this embodiment, the buttons 504 and 506 are omitted since current steering is not supported. Alternatively, buttons 504 and 506 are provided, but, according to this embodiment, their selections do not cause the above-described current steering, but rather are used for traversing between settings of different electrode levels of the leadwire. For example, the user can use the controls shown in FIG. 5 (or other controls) to set the direction and amplitude for electrodes at a first longitudinal level of the leadwire, and then select one of buttons 504 and 506 to set the settings for the electrodes of, respectively, the next higher or lower longitudinal level of the leadwire.

In an example embodiment of the present invention, the stimulation controls and the settings map 515 are displayed in an interface in which a three-dimensional perspective of a model of the leadwire 200, e.g., as shown in FIG. 2 , is also displayed, which model is rotatable, for example, as discussed above with respect to any of FIGS. 4A-4C, and the rotational orientation of the settings map 515 is set by the system to correspond to the rotational orientation of the three-dimensional perspective of the model of the leadwire 200, such that the settings map 515 is rotated when the three-dimensional perspective of the model is rotated.

As described above with respect to FIG. 3 , according to example embodiments of the present invention, the system displays one or more graphs providing certain threshold (e.g., minimums and/or maximums) information using longitudinal, angular, and radii coordinates, regarding stimulation at various directions about the leadwire. In an example embodiment of the present invention, the system includes an interactive user interface with which a user can interact to input information usable by a processor to generate graphs such as those described with respect to FIG. 3 . For example, FIG. 6 shows an example annotation control interface including annotation controls selectable by a user for inputting information concerning presently indicated settings. For example, in an example embodiment, the annotation control interface includes a sub-therapeutic button 600, which, if selected by the user, causes a processor of the system to record in memory information indicating that a stimulation at the presently indicated settings fail to produce a sufficiently therapeutic effect. In an example embodiment, the annotation control interface additionally or alternatively includes a therapeutic button 602, which, if selected by the user, causes a processor of the system to record in memory information indicating that a stimulation at the presently indicated settings fail produce a sufficiently therapeutic effect. In an example embodiment, the annotation control interface additionally or alternatively includes an over limit button 604, which, if selected by the user, causes a processor of the system to record in memory information indicating that a stimulation at the presently indicated settings produces an adverse side effect.

A therapy can cause both a therapeutic effect and an adverse side effect. Therefore, according to an example embodiment of the present invention, the system allows for input indicating both the therapeutic effect and the side effect.

According to an alternative example embodiment of the present invention, the annotation control interface includes a list of symptoms with an associated one or more input fields or selectable controls (e.g., discrete or by slider bar) by which to indicate a degree of therapeutic effect for that respective symptom and/or a list of adverse side effects with an associated one or more input fields or selectable controls (e.g., discrete or by slider bar) by which to indicate a degree to which the respective side effect is caused by the stimulation at the presently indicated settings. For example, as shown in FIG. 6 , a symptoms section 606 lists the example symptoms of “tremor” and “bradykinesia” alongside each of which is a respective series of buttons selectable for inputting a respective degree of therapeutic effect for the respective symptom. For example, FIG. 6 shows a set of 5 buttons 606 a-606 e for inputting respective degrees of therapeutic effect for the symptom of tremor, for example, where selection of button 606 a indicates a highest therapeutic effect and selection of button 606 e indicates a lowest therapeutic effect (buttons 606 b-606 d indicating intermediate and progressively decreasing therapeutic effect). FIG. 6 similarly shows a set of 5 buttons 616 a-616 e similarly operable for the symptom of bradykinesia. FIG. 6 similarly shows a side effect section 626 which lists the example adverse side effect of “dysarthia” alongside which is a respective set of 5 buttons 626 a-626 e for inputting respective degrees of the adverse side effect of dysarthria, for example, where selection of button 626 a indicates a lowest amount of side effect and selection of button 626 e indicates a highest amount of side effect (buttons 626 b-626 d indicating intermediate and progressively increasing side effect).

In an example embodiment of the present invention, the controls for inputting specific therapeutic and side effect information, including identification of particular symptoms for which therapeutic effect is provided and/or identification of particular adverse side effects produced by the therapy, such as controls of sections 606 and 626, and the controls for inputting the more generalized information as to whether a therapeutic effect has been provided and/or a side effect has been produced, such as controls 600-604 are all provided by the system. For example, in an example embodiment of the present invention, the system initially displays controls 600-604, and, responsive to selection of a “details” button or tab 605, the system displays the controls for inputting the information in detailed form. For example, the system updates the interface to simultaneously display all of the controls 600-604 and 606 a-626 e. Alternatively, the system responsively replaces the generalized controls with the more specific controls. According to either embodiment, the system, in an example embodiment, toggles between the two types of displays responsive to repeated selection of the details button 605.

According to an example embodiment of the present invention, the system is configured to output different graphs as described with respect to FIG. 3 depending on user selectable filter criteria. For example, the user can filter for therapeutic effect related to tremor, in response to which filter the system is configured to output graphs like those shown in FIG. 3 indicating direction-dependent minimum amplitude values for producing a therapeutic effect for tremor, or can similarly filter for therapeutic effect related to bradykinesia. In an example embodiment, without input of a filter criterion, the system outputs a graph based on, for example, minimum amplitude values for producing a therapeutic effect of any kind, i.e., not limited to any one type of selected therapeutic effect.

Similarly, in an example embodiment of the present invention, the user can filter by adverse side effect, e.g., by dysarthia, in response to which filter the system is configured to output graphs like those shown in FIG. 3 indicating direction-dependent maximum amplitude values above which the particular selected side effect is expected to occur. In an example embodiment, without input of a filter criterion, the system outputs a graph based on, for example, maximum amplitude values beyond which any side effect has been recorded to have occurred, i.e., not limited to any one type of selected side effect.

Similarly, instead of or in addition to filtering by type of therapeutic effect and/or side effect, the system provides for filtering based on degree. For example, referring to FIG. 6 , the user can filter for only those therapeutic effects indicated by at least a strength of that represented by button 606 c, etc. Another example filter criterion is time. For example, the user can filter for graph generation based on input provided in a user-selected time period.

According to an example embodiment, if information is entered indicating the occurrence of a therapeutic effect or side effect, without additional details, e.g., by operation of one or more of the buttons 600-604, without providing additional details concerning degree or type, the system uses such information for the generation of a graph unconstrained by the above-described input criterion of degree and/or type, but does not consider such information for graphs provided in response to a user request constrained by such input criteria.

In an example embodiment of the present invention, the system is configured to output a combination of discrete graphs corresponding to respective types and/or degree. For example, in a plane drawn at a particular longitudinal position of the leadwire, the system outputs one or more graphs corresponding to therapeutic effect for tremor (at one or more degrees of effect) and one or more graphs corresponding to therapeutic effect for bradykinesia (at one or more degrees of effect). The system outputs indicia that identify the effect (and/or degree thereof) to which the different graphs correspond. For example, different colors (and/or hue, saturation, and/or transparency) can be used to represent different effects, and/or different labels can be displayed, e.g., perpetually or when selected or when a pointer is moved over or in close proximity to the graph. The system can similarly generate a plane of overlapping graphs corresponding to different side effects (and/or side effect severities).

In an example embodiment of the present invention, instead of or in addition to a user interface display in which a plurality of graphs for different therapeutic effects, and/or side effects, and/or degrees thereof are included in a single plane, the graphs indicating directional dependency of the amplitude about the leadwire, the system is configured to indicate a variation of stimulation effect (e.g., adverse side effect or therapeutic effect) along a single selected direction from the leadwire as amplitude is increased. For example, FIG. 7 shows a user interface display including a model of a leadwire 200 with a ray 700 including markings at different locations of the ray corresponding to respective distances from the leadwire, which further corresponds to respective amplitude values. The markings can be provided at equal intervals. Alternatively, the markings can be provided wherever there is an appreciable change to the effect (e.g., where the system is programmed to indicate where a predefined difference value or percentage is reached). In an example embodiment, the markings indicate the degree of effect. For example a textual label or other indicia can be used. Further, in an example embodiment, a single ray is marked with different types of indicia for different types of information, e.g., different side effects or therapeutic effects. For example, ray 700 is marked by squares 701 a-701 c and triangles 703 a-703 c of different sizes, where squares 701 a-701 c indicate one type of effect, e.g., therapeutic effect for tremor, and triangles 703 a-703 c indicate another type of effect, e.g., therapeutic effect for bradykinesia, and where the sizes indicate the degree of such effect, e.g., small shapes indicating a slight effect and large shapes indicating a large effect.

While FIG. 7 shows a single ray 700 in a single direction, in an example embodiment, the system displays a plurality of such rays, each in a respective direction. For example, in an example embodiment, the system generates a display with a plurality of evenly spaced rays cylindrically about the leadwire. In an alternative example embodiment, the system is configured for receiving user input of one or more angles (i.e., directions), and the system accordingly displays respective rays for each of the input angles. In an example embodiment, the system, by default outputs a single ray for each directional electrode.

As shown in FIG. 8 , in an example embodiment of the present invention, the system is configured to output, in a single plane, graphs for both therapeutic effect and adverse side effect, which graphs can overlap depending on the respective minimum and maximum amplitude values of the graphs in the different directions about the leadwire. A user can thereby determine a range of amplitudes and an angular range about the leadwire at which to set the stimulation. In an example embodiment, the system is configured to mark a graph region determined to be suitable for stimulation based on the relationship between the area of the two graphs (where the graphs do indicate the existence of such a region).

For example, FIG. 8 shows a therapy onset graph 800 and a side effects graph 802 within a plane at longitudinal position z1. In an example embodiment, the system outputs indicia indicating which graph represents therapy onset values and which graph represents adverse side effects, each by line type or color and/or textual indicia, etc. It further includes a cross-hatched region 805, the cross-hatching indicating that region to represent suitable stimulation parameters. Any other suitably appropriate region indicia can be used, e.g., highlighting, coloring, or textual indicia, etc. The cross-hatched region is determined to represent suitable parameters because the parameters corresponding to that region are indicated to produce a therapeutic effect without producing an adverse side effect.

FIG. 8 further shows a therapy onset graph 808 and a side effects graph 810 within a plane at longitudinal position z2. No cross-hatched region is included because there is no suitable range of stimulation parameters at longitudinal position z2, since, in all directions about the leadwire, intolerable side effects set in at lower amplitudes than those at which therapeutic effects are first attained.

It is noted that that there may be certain adverse side effects that are tolerable and there may be certain therapeutic effects that are insignificant. The system is programmed to produce the graphical information for certain predetermined side effects and/or therapeutic effects. Additionally, in an example embodiment, the system includes a user interface via which a user can select one or more side effects and/or one or more therapeutic effects on which basis to generate the graphs.

When the graphs are provided in a three-dimensional perspective about the model of the leadwire 200, the leadwire model can partially obscure portions of the graphs. Although, as discussed above, example embodiments provide a control for rotating the model, so that the graphs can be rotated and viewed at the different angles, a user may desire to view entire graphs at a time for the respective longitudinal positions at which they are generated. Additionally, when the graphs are provided in a three-dimensional perspective, precise dimensions of the graph shape are distorted to account for depth in a two-dimensional display screen, for example, as can be seen by a comparison of the graphs in FIG. 8 and their two-dimensional perspective counterparts shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B. Accordingly, in an example embodiment of the present invention, the system displays the graphs in a two dimensional view, in which the graphs of a single longitudinal position are displayed such that planes formed by the graphs are parallel to the surface of the display area, e.g., parallel to the surface of a display screen. For example, FIG. 9A shows the graphs 800 and 802 in a two-dimensional view with the leadwire virtually extending perpendicularly to the display screen, and FIG. 9B shows the graphs 808 and 810 in a two-dimensional view with the leadwire virtually extending perpendicularly to the display screen. In an example embodiment of the present invention, a two-dimensional view of graphs is displayed for only a single one of the longitudinal positions of the leadwire at any one time. Alternatively, in an example embodiment, different two-dimensional graph views for a plurality of longitudinal positions are simultaneously displayed in different respective display areas of the display screen, e.g., each area including respective indicia indicating the respective longitudinal position to which it corresponds.

In an example embodiment of the present invention, the system displays a model of the leadwire 200, e.g., as shown in FIG. 2 and further displays one or more graphs as shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B (described below). The graphs can be displayed in a display area separate from that in which the model of the leadwire 200 is displayed, or can be displayed overlaid on the model of the leadwire 200. In an example embodiment of the present invention, the system and method of the present invention provides a graphical user interface including longitudinal steering controls and/or rotational steering controls, by which a user can, for a given fixed parameter (e.g., amplitude, pulse width, frequency, etc.), steer stimulation longitudinally up and down the electrodes of the leadwire and/or rotationally around the electrodes of the leadwire 200, including between actual and/or virtual electrodes, a process hereinafter referred to as e-trolling. At a plurality of arbitrary points (e.g., actual and/or virtual electrode) along the leadwire traversed via e-trolling, the efficacy and side-effects of a stimulation are evaluated. For example, if the patient exhibits undesireable side-effects, the user can annotate the stimulation at the actual or virtual electrode as being in a “side-effect range” by clicking on a button or menu item of the user interface, for example, using controls such as those shown in FIG. 6 . Accordingly, if the patient exhibits good symptom relief or therapeutic efficacy, the user can annotate the current setting as being in an “efficacy range” by clicking on a button or menu item.

As explained above, FIG. 5 shows a part of a graphical user interface, according to an example embodiment, that can be displayed in a display device and that includes controls selectable by a user for input of stimulation settings, including a directionality, amplitude, and longitudinal locations relative to the leadwire, for a stimulation. The user interface includes a rotate left button 500, for modifying by the system of the directionality of a stimulation by clockwise rotation about the leadwire by a predetermined incremental amount, responsive to each selection thereof. The user interface further includes a rotate right button 502, for modifying by the system of the directionality of the stimulation by counter-clockwise rotation about the leadwire by a predetermined incremental amount, responsive to each selection thereof. The user interface further includes an up button 504 and a down button 506, for selection by the user of the longitudinal location along the leadwire at which the stimulation is to occur. In the case of a leadwire 200 with only non-directional, circumferential (cylindrically symmetrical) electrodes only an up button 504 and a down button 506, for selection by the user of the longitudinal location for stimulation along the leadwire, are provided or are active. (As noted above, the up and down buttons 504 and 506, according to an alternative example embodiment, provide for selecting a longitudinal level at which to set current information for the electrodes at that level.)

According to an example embodiment, information concerning therapeutic effect and/or adverse side effect is additionally or alternatively obtained using sensors. For example, a sensor can be used to sense patient tremor, speed, stability, heart rate, etc., based on which sensed information conclusions concerning therapeutic effect and/or side effect are automatically made and recorded.

Thus, according to an example embodiment of the present invention, a user interface facilitates gradual steering of a current, e.g., at a certain amplitude, frequency, and/or pulse width, about the leadwire, and user annotation of the steered current at various actual and/or virtual electrodes at which the current has been steered, as being in an “efficacy range” or a “side-effects range,” by clicking a button or menu item for those electrode locations. According to an example embodiment, the determination of whether the steered current, at an actual and/or virtual electrode at which the current has been steered, is in an “efficacy range” or a “side-effects range” is performed by a processor based on information concerning therapeutic effect and/or adverse side effect additionally or alternatively obtained using sensors. According to an example embodiment, the system records the input (and/or sensor) information in association with the electrode locations to which they correspond, and, based on the recorded information regarding a respective plurality of actual and/or virtual electrodes traversed via e-trolling, generates a curve that connects the annotated values for each such respective identified and annotated actual and/or virtual electrode, thereby graphically identifying the totality of the results (for a given stimulation parameter setting) for a set of electrodes of the leadwire 200 as shown in FIG. 10A. The generated curve includes estimated data for connecting the discrete respective values corresponding to the respective identified and annotated actual and/or virtual electrodes. The set of electrodes can include several cylindrically symmetrical electrodes arranged longitudinally along the leadwire 200 and/or can include several directional electrodes arranged circumferentially around the leadwire 200 at a same longitudinal level on the leadwire 200.

Similar to that shown in FIG. 1 , FIG. 10A shows an example graphical user interface display of output indicating amplitude information for stimulation using a leadwire with cylindrically symmetrical circumferential electrodes. The graph is based on the recorded information regarding a respective plurality of actual and/or virtual electrodes traversed via e-trolling and includes a therapy onset (efficacy) curve 101 and a side effect onset (side effect) curve 102 that plot stimulation amplitude values for therapy onset (e.g., meeting a minimum threshold) and side effect onset (e.g., meeting a minimum threshold), against actual and virtual electrode locations, corresponding to longitudinal positions along the leadwire. For example, discrete positions along the abscissa can correspond to respective electrodes and virtual electrodes of the leadwire in their order of arrangement along the leadwire.

According to an alternative example embodiment, a three dimensional graph is used to plot variations in another, e.g., electrical, settings in addition to amplitude. A non-exhaustive list of examples of such parameters include pulse width and frequency. For example, an ‘x’ axis can correspond to electrode location, a ‘y’ axis can correspond to amplitude, and a ‘z’ axis can correspond to the other parameter, so that, for example, different amplitude values are plotted for different values of the other parameter at a same electrode position.

As shown in FIG. 10A, in an example embodiment of the present invention, the system is configured to output, in a single graph, curves for both therapeutic effect (efficacy) and adverse side effect (side effect) measured at multiple actual and/or virtual electrodes of leadwire 200, which curves can intersect depending on the respective minimum and maximum amplitude values of the curves in the different locations about the leadwire. A user can thereby determine a range of amplitudes and locations about the leadwire at which to set the stimulation. In an example embodiment, the system is configured to graphically identify a graph region determined to be suitable for stimulation based on the relationship between the area of the two graphs (where the graphs do indicate the existence of such a region). For example, the processor identifies electrode locations for which associated minimum therapeutic effect amplitude values have been recorded which are lower than side effect amplitude values recorded for the respective electrode locations, identifies the graph area between those values at the respective plotted electrode locations, and displays graphical indicia at the identified graph area. A non-exhaustive list of examples of such indicia include coloring, shading, and/or hatching.

The efficacy curve 101 indicates amplitude thresholds at (or above) which a therapeutic result is expected, depending on the electrode or other longitudinal leadwire position (virtual electrode) at which the respective stimulation amplitude is set. The side effect curve 102 indicates a maximum stimulation amplitude at respective electrode or virtual electrode positions, above which the stimulation is expected to cause an adverse side effect (e.g., above a maximum threshold for such an adverse side effect). Information on which the curves 101 and 102 are based can include empirically obtained data and/or model-based data. The curves 101 and 102 can be specific to an indicated desired therapy and/or to an indicated adverse side effect. For example, the graphical user interface, e.g., in a target settings section, can include an input field for inputting a desired therapeutic effect and/or side effect to be avoided, and output a graph such that shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B as information on which basis the user, e.g., a clinician, can determine settings to set in the system for producing a stimulation. The user can then select the settings for the leadwire electrodes by clicking on the location on the graph that appears to provide the largest therapeutic width, i.e. the location where there is the highest probability of efficacy combined with the lowest probability of an undesired side-effect. According to an example embodiment, the determination of the location where there is the highest probability of efficacy combined with the lowest probability of an undesired side-effect is performed by a processor based on information from curves 101 and 102.

In an example embodiment of the present invention, the graphs are continuously updated as more data points are added via the above-described method of e-trolling. The curve begins as a simple straight line fit between the identified and annotated locations and as more data are added other curve-fitting techniques can be used to better match the recorded values. Curve fitting is the process of constructing a curve, e.g., by use of a mathematical function, which is a best fit to a series of data points, possibly subject to constraints. Curve fitting can involve, e.g., interpolation, where an exact fit to the data is required, or smoothing, in which a “smooth” function is constructed that approximately fits the data. Any suitably appropriate curve fitting function may be used. Accordingly, the output graph, in an example, embodiment, plots information for electrode locations for which therapeutic and/or side effect data has not been obtained, by “filling in” such information based on the information obtained for surrounding electrode locations.

According to an example embodiment, the graphs are also and/or alternatively continuously updated to plot different amplitude values for the therapeutic and or side effect curves for those locations for which input had been previously received, and for which the plotted values had previously reflected such previously obtained input, as more data are added for the previously identified and annotated location. For example, different results may be observed for settings for an electrode location at different times. Because of the variability in measured effects for a subject at a given stimulation location it is beneficial to overwrite any previous side effect threshold values for the location with a lower side effect threshold value for that location so that the user may be more sure about selecting stimulation parameters that will not cause undesired side effects. Likewise, it is beneficial to overwrite any previous efficacy threshold values for the location with a higher efficacy threshold value for that location so that the user may be more sure about selecting stimulation parameters that will produce therapeutic results, e.g. lessen undesired side effects. (Alternatively, averages can be plotted and/or the values to be plotted can be calculated based on a score affected by values of neighboring electrode locations.) Alternatively, time can be used as a third dimension, so that a user is able to see a history of the values.

The two-dimensional graph of FIG. 10A does not reflect variations in amplitude at different directions cylindrically about the leadwire 200 using directional electrodes. Therefore, according to an alternative example embodiment of the present invention, a two-dimensional graph is provided, where the positions along the abscissa represent locations from a first position of the leadwire 200 circumferentially towards another position on the leadwire 200, and where the locations are those of respective ones of actual directional electrodes (e.g., 201-203) and virtual directional electrodes arranged circumferentially on a same longitudinal level of the leadwire 200. In example embodiment, several such graphs are provided, each for a respective longitudinal level along the leadwire 200.

According to an alternative example embodiment, a two-dimensional graph is output, where positions along the abscissa represent longitudinal locations along the leadwire 200, as described above with respect to FIG. 10A, but where one or more of the represented longitudinal locations are respective longitudinal levels at which a plurality of directional electrodes are arranged, with the amplitude information for the therapeutic effect and side effect corresponding to respective combinations of the directional electrodes at the represented longitudinal locations. Others of the represented longitudinal locations can be those at which cylindrically symmetrical electrodes are located. The plotted amplitude levels for the levels at which directional electrodes are located are those generated by one or a combination of the directional electrodes at the respective longitudinal level. Accordingly, some information (i.e., directionality) is missing from the graph for the represented longitudinal levels at which directional electrodes are arranged. For example, in an example embodiment, one or more of the longitudinal positions correspond to those at which cylindrically symmetrical electrodes are located, so that directionality is not a factor, while one or more other longitudinal positions correspond to those at which directional electrodes are located, with directionality not being indicated.

According to an alternative example embodiment of the present invention, the system generates and outputs a three-dimensional graph, with amplitude plotted as radii, as shown in FIG. 3 , with multiple layers of such graphs in combination providing a three-dimensional graph volume, as described above, in order to graphically indicate variations of the amplitude values for the therapeutic effect and side effect at different combinations of longitudinal and rotational electrode locations. That is, according to this embodiment, the therapeutic effect and adverse side effect information for the steered locations are plotted to show variations along both longitudinally steered locations and rotationally steered locations.

According to this embodiment, the system and method outputs stimulation amplitude information in a three dimensional coordinate system in which each plotted data point is identified by a longitudinal position ‘z’, angle of rotation ‘θ’, and radius from center ‘r’ as shown by the indicated coordinate system of FIG. 2 . The longitudinal position is the longitudinal position along the central axis of the leadwire, e.g., a distance from one of the ends, the angle of rotation is an angle between a selected direction extending outward from the leadwire, perpendicularly to the central axis thereof, and the direction in which stimulation is characterized as being produced by an electrode (or combination of electrodes), and radius is a distance from the leadwire along the direction in which the stimulation is characterized as being produced. The radius coordinate corresponds to the stimulation amplitude value, whereas the longitudinal position and angle of rotation information indicates the location of that stimulation. In an example embodiment of the present invention, a computer system provides a graphical user interface in which amplitude settings for a directional electrode leadwire are plotted in curves at planes that are perpendicular to the central axis of the leadwire according to the described coordinate system including longitudinal, angular, and radii values.

In an example embodiment of the present invention, the system includes a control selectable for toggling between a three dimensional view of the graphs and two dimensional views of the graphs.

As noted above, there may be certain adverse side effects that are tolerable for a certain subject and there may be certain therapeutic effects that are insignificant for said subject. Therefore, in an example embodiment, the system includes a user interface via which a user can select one or more side effects and/or one or more therapeutic effects on which basis to generate the graphs.

Such graphs can be useful for a clinician to eyeball a target range of possible target stimulation settings for one or more of the electrodes. For example, with respect to the graph shown in FIG. 10A, the clinician likely would choose to try stimulation (amplitude+electrode location) settings that fall at about the center of the shaded area 105 between the curves 101 and 102 since it is that region that is expected to produce a therapeutic effect and to avoid production of an adverse side effect.

According to an example embodiment of the present invention, the graph is output as a user-interactive display, where positions within the graph are user-selectable as an instruction to set electrode parameters. For example, as shown in FIG. 10B, in an example embodiment of the present invention, the user interface is configured for the user to point and click on a location within the graph, the selected location being identified in FIG. 10B as location 106, which the user (or system) has determined is likely a location with a high side effect threshold and a large therapeutic width (low efficacy threshold). The system is configured to, responsive to the selection, automatically choose a combination of electrode location and amplitude (and/or other stimulation parameter) associated with the selected point 106 on the graph, for output of the identified parameters in a user interface and/or for setting of the leadwire 200 to produce a stimulation according to such parameters.

FIG. 11 shows a representation of a plurality of independently controllable current sources 212 for respective ones of the electrodes of the leadwire 200, where the current steering described above, for steering of the current to virtual electrode positions (longitudinally and/or rotationally), is possible by setting the amplitudes of different ones of the current sources 212 to different settings. For example, for settings corresponding to the selected location 106, the system is configured to choose the combination of electrode location and amplitude (and/or other stimulation parameter) associated with the selected point 106 on the graph as a combination of current amplitude values for a respective combination of the current sources 212. The independently controllable current sources 212 for the respective electrodes can be activated in accordance with the stimulation settings associated with selected point 106, e.g., for an amplitude of 3.85 mA and virtual electrode location 1.7, which is closer to the second electrode 211 of leadwire 200 than to the first electrode 210. The stimulation current settings required to localize the stimulation in the area of the virtual electrode associated with the selected point 106 are determined automatically by the system once the point 106 is selected by a user. In an example embodiment of the present invention, the system uses data previously recorded during the e-trolling, regarding the stimulation current settings required to localize the stimulation in the area of the virtual electrode associated with the selected point, if it is available for the selected point. In the example of FIG. 11 , electrode 210 receives 13% of the max current and electrode 211 receives 87% of the max current so that the stimulation is localized at an electrode location corresponding to a virtual electrode located longitudinally between cylindrically symmetrical electrodes 210 and 211 and closer to electrode 211 than to electrode 210.

In an example embodiment of the present invention, a leadwire 200 utilizing a single current source for all of the electrodes of the leadwire 200 is used, and after the user has selected a point associated with stimulation parameters and clinical data on a graph provided according to the user interface described for virtual electrode steering, the system uses pulse interleaving to approximate the stimulation localized in an area of the corresponding virtual electrode. The pulse interleaving uses a single current source that alternates between different current settings at high speed for the different electrodes of the leadwire 200, to provide the different current amplitudes to different ones of the electrodes of leadwire 200 in an alternating manner. In this way, the separate electrodes (e.g., 210 and 211) can receive short-timed pulses from the same current source at different current values (e.g., 13% and 87%) so that stimulation is localized in an area of the corresponding virtual electrode.

As described in detail above, in an example embodiment of the present invention, for a set of stimulation parameters, the system outputs a graphical representation of the parameters in the form of a ray extending from a model of the leadwire, where the directionality and length of the ray represents, respectively, a directionality of the stimulation produced by the parameters and the electrical amplitude. In an example embodiment, the system additionally outputs information regarding tissue stimulation produced by the electrical stimulation parameters represented by the array. For example, in an example embodiment, the system displays a first user interface frame identifying one or more of the stimulation parameters and/or including a graphical representation thereof, e.g., in the form of the described graphical information, and further displays a second user interface section displaying an estimated VOA, e.g., as described in the '330, '312, '340, '343, and '314 applications, corresponding to the indicated and/or represented stimulation parameters.

An example embodiment of the present invention is directed to one or more processors, which can be implemented using any conventional processing circuit and device or combination thereof, e.g., a Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a Personal Computer (PC) or other workstation processor, to execute code provided, e.g., on a hardware computer-readable medium including any conventional memory device, to perform any of the methods described herein, alone or in combination, and to generate any of the user interface displays described herein, alone or in combination. The one or more processors can be embodied in a server or user terminal or combination thereof. The user terminal can be embodied, for example, as a desktop, laptop, hand-held device, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), television set-top Internet appliance, mobile telephone, smart phone, etc., or as a combination of one or more thereof. Specifically, the terminal can be embodied as a clinician programmer terminal, e.g., as referred to in the '330, '312, '340, '343, and '314 applications. Additionally, as noted above, some of the described methods can be performed by a processor on one device or terminal and using a first memory, while other methods can be performed by a processor on another device and using, for example, a different memory.

The memory device can include any conventional permanent and/or temporary memory circuits or combination thereof, a non-exhaustive list of which includes Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), Compact Disks (CD), Digital Versatile Disk (DVD), and magnetic tape.

An example embodiment of the present invention is directed to one or more hardware computer-readable media, e.g., as described above, having stored thereon instructions executable by a processor to perform the methods and/or provide the user interface features described herein.

An example embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method, e.g., of a hardware component or machine, of transmitting instructions executable by a processor to perform the methods and/or provide the user interface features described herein.

The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Those skilled in the art can appreciate from the foregoing description that the present invention can be implemented in a variety of forms, and that the various embodiments can be implemented alone or in combination. Therefore, while the embodiments of the present invention have been described in connection with particular examples thereof, the true scope of the embodiments and/or methods of the present invention should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, specification, and the following listed features. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for facilitating a selection of electrical stimulation parameters for stimulating patient tissue, the system comprising: a processor configured for: iteratively performing the following for each of a plurality of values of a particular stimulation parameter, each of the values corresponding to a respective electric field: positioning, by the processor, the electric field at each of a plurality of locations about a leadwire; directing stimulation of the patient tissue using the leadwire at each of the locations with the electric field; and for each of the locations, obtaining, by the processor, clinical effect information regarding the stimulation of the patient tissue produced by the electric field at the location, wherein the obtained clinical effect information includes at least one therapeutic effect value or adverse side effect value; and based on the obtained clinical effect information, identifying a combination of a selected value for the particular stimulation parameter and a selected location about the leadwire at which to perform stimulation using the selected value, wherein the identifying comprises, within a graph that plots the therapeutic effect values and the adverse side effect values for the values of the particular stimulation parameter and the locations about the leadwire, identifying a region of the graph in which a lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that achieves a therapeutic effect is lower than a lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that causes an adverse side effect and identifying the combination in the region.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein identifying the combination in the region comprises identifying the combination with a greatest difference between the lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that achieves the therapeutic effect and the lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that causes the adverse side effect.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the graph is three dimensional.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the graph further plots the obtained clinical effect information against values for a second stimulation parameter.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the locations are distributed both longitudinally and rotationally about the leadwire.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured for: receiving user input of a point within the graph, the user input provided by pointing and selecting within the graph; and determining, by the processor, values for the particular stimulation parameter for each of a plurality of electrodes of the leadwire at the point.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the locations corresponds to a selection of one or more electrodes of the leadwire to produce the electric field.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the positioning comprises shifting the electric field longitudinally, rotationally, or both longitudinally and rotationally along the leadwire.
 9. A method for selecting stimulation parameters for a leadwire implanted in patient tissue, the method comprising: for each of a plurality of values for a particular stimulation parameter, each of the values corresponding to a respective electric field, obtaining, by a processor, clinical effect information regarding a stimulation of the patient tissue produced by the respective electric field at each of a plurality of locations about the leadwire; displaying a graph plotting the obtained clinical effect information against the values for the particular stimulation parameter and the locations about the leadwire; receiving a user selection of a point on the graph, wherein the point corresponds to a first value of the particular stimulation parameter and a first location about the leadwire; programming an implantable pulse generator with the first value of the particular stimulation parameter and a selection of one or more electrodes on the leadwire corresponding to the first location about the leadwire to produce electrical stimulation; and stimulating the patient tissue using the first value of the particular stimulation parameter and the selection of one or more electrodes on the leadwire corresponding to the first location about the leadwire.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the locations differ longitudinally and rotationally about the leadwire.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the particular stimulation parameter is one of i) amplitude, ii) pulse width, or iii) frequency.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the obtained clinical effect information includes therapeutic effect values and adverse side effect values.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising identifying within the graph, a region in which a lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that achieves a therapeutic effect is lower than a lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that causes an adverse side effect.
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising identifying, in the region, a combination of a selected value for the particular stimulation parameter and a selected location about the leadwire at which to perform a stimulation using the selected value in the region, wherein the combination has a greatest difference between the lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that achieves the therapeutic effect and the lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that causes the adverse side effect.
 15. A method for selecting stimulation parameters for a leadwire implanted in patient tissue and comprising a plurality of electrodes, wherein the plurality of electrodes comprises at least one set of two or more directional electrodes, wherein the directional electrodes of each set are disposed at a same longitudinal level of the leadwire but at different circumferential positions, the method comprising: for each of a plurality of values for a particular stimulation parameter, each of the values corresponding to a respective electric field produced by a combination of one or more electrodes of the leadwire, obtaining, by a processor, clinical effect information regarding stimulation of the patient tissue produced by the respective electric field; displaying a graph plotting the obtained clinical effect information as data points, wherein each data point is characterized by an angle of rotation and a radius from a center of the graph, wherein the radius corresponds to the value for the particular stimulation parameter for the data point and the angle of rotation corresponds to a direction characterizing the electric field for the data point; receiving a user selection of a point on the graph, wherein the point corresponds to a first value of the particular stimulation parameter and a first set of one or more electrodes of the leadwire; initiating a signal, by the computer processor, to program an implantable pulse generator with the first value of the particular stimulation parameter and the first set of one or more electrodes on the leadwire to produce a stimulation; and stimulating the patient tissue using the first value of the particular stimulation parameter and the first set of one or more electrodes on the leadwire.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the particular stimulation parameter is one of i) amplitude, ii) pulse width, or iii) frequency.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the obtained clinical effect information includes therapeutic effect values and adverse side effect values.
 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising identifying within the graph, a region in which a lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that achieves a therapeutic effect is lower than a lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that causes an adverse side effect.
 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising identifying, in the region, a combination of a selected value for the particular stimulation parameter and a selected location about the leadwire at which to perform a stimulation using the selected value in the region, wherein the combination has a greatest difference between the lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that achieves the therapeutic effect and the lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that causes the adverse side effect.
 20. The system of claim 15, wherein the processor is further configured to identify within the graph, a region in which a lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that achieves a therapeutic effect is lower than a lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that causes an adverse side effect with a greatest distance between the lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that achieves the therapeutic effect and the lowest value of the particular stimulation parameter that causes the adverse side effect. 